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Chinese scientists have established a quantum computer prototype named "Jiuzhang 2.0" with 113 detected photons, achieving major breakthroughs in quantum computational speedup.
In the study, Gaussian boson sampling (GBS), a classical simulation algorithm, was used to provide a highly efficient way of demonstrating quantum computational speedup in solving some well-defined tasks.
With 113 detected photons, "Jiuzhang 2.0" can implement large-scale GBS septillion times faster than the world's fastest existing supercomputer and 10 billion times faster than its earlier version, "Jiuzhang." In a nutshell, it would take the fastest supercomputer about 30 trillion years to solve a problem that "Jiuzhang 2.0" can solve in just one millisecond.
In December 2020, the researchers established the quantum computer prototype "Jiuzhang" through which up to 76 photons were detected, achieving quantum computational advantage. Jiuzhang's quantum computing system can implement large-scale GBS 100 trillion times faster than the world's fastest existing supercomputer, yet "Jiuzhang 2.0" took it even further.
"We've increased the number of quantum photons from 76 to 113 on our photonic quantum computer Jiuzhang. It is quintillion time faster than the supercomputer," said Lu Chaoyang, a research team member and a professor with the University of Science and Technology of China.
Lu further elaborated on the difference between "Jiuzhang" and "Jiuzhang 2.0", saying that compared with Jiuzhang, the 2.0 version has greatly improved the performance and collection efficiency of the quantum light source, increased the number of detected photons, and demonstrated the phase-programmability of the GBS quantum computer. The super-computing capacity of "Jiuzhang 2.0" has application potential in areas like graph theory, machine learning and quantum chemistry, according to the team.
The study, led by the renowned Chinese quantum physicist Pan Jianwei, was published online in the journal Physical Review Letters on Monday Beijing Time.
"In the next step, we hope to achieve quantum error correction through efforts of four or five years. On the basis of using quantum error correction, we can explore the use of some special quantum computers or quantum simulators to solve certain scientific problems with major application values," said Pan.
Pan’s research makes the programmable quantum computer to solve a computational problem that is currently infeasible for nonquantum, or "classical" computers. Inspired by the concept of light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation (LASER), the team developed a stimulated squeezed light source with high brightness and simultaneously near-unity purity and efficiency for scalable GBS.
Another achievement of the Chinese research team is a 66-qubit programmable superconducting quantum computing system named Zuchongzhi 2.1, which has significantly enhanced the quantum computational advantage.
The achievement marks that China has become the first country to achieve quantum computational advantage in two mainstream technical routes.
中国科学家建立了名为“九章2.0”的量子计算机原型，探测到113个光子，实现了量子计算提速的重大突破。
在研究中，高斯玻色子采样（GBS），一种经典的模拟算法，用于提供一种高效的方式来证明在解决一些明确定义的任务时量子计算的加速。
检测到113个光子，“九章2.0”可以实现大规模高斯玻色子采样，比世界上现有的最快超级计算机快十亿倍，比早期版本“九章”快100亿倍。简而言之，解决一个“九章2.0”可以在一毫秒内解决的问题，需要最快的超级计算机大约30万亿年的时间。
2020年12月，研究人员建立了量子计算机原型“九章”，通过该原型探测到多达76个光子，实现了量子计算优势。九章的量子计算系统可以实现大规模高斯玻色子采样，比世界上现有的最快超级计算机快100万亿倍，而“九章2.0”更进一步。
“我们已经将光子量子计算机九章上的量子光子数量从 76 个增加到 113 个。它比超级计算机快一亿亿亿倍，”研究组成员、中国科学技术大学教授陆朝阳说。
陆朝阳进一步阐述了“九章”与“九章2.0”的区别，称2.0版本相比九章，在量子光源的性能和收集效率上有了很大的提升，增加了探测到的光子数，并论证了相位-高斯玻色子采样量子计算机的可编程性。该团队表示，“九章2.0”的超算能力在图论、机器学习和量子化学等领域具有应用潜力。
这项由中国著名量子物理学家潘建伟领导的研究于北京时间周一在线发表在《物理评论快报》上。
“下一步，我们希望通过四五年的努力，实现量子纠错。在利用量子纠错的基础上，我们可以探索利用一些特殊的量子计算机或量子模拟器来解决某些具有重大应用价值的科学问题。”潘说。
潘的研究使可编程量子计算机能够解决目前对非量子计算机或“经典”计算机不可行的计算问题。受受激辐射光放大（LASER）概念的启发，该团队开发了一种具有高亮度、同时纯度和效率接近统一的受激挤压光源，用于可扩展的高斯玻色子采样。
中国研究团队的另一项成果是名为祖冲之2.1的66量子位可编程超导量子计算系统，显着增强了量子计算优势。
这一成果标志着中国成为第一个在两条主流技术路线上实现量子计算优势的国家。
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